A decrease in IGF-I levels in AD and VD has been widely documented and it may be involved in the development of neurofibrillary tangles, abnormal amyloid metabolism and aberrant Tau phosphorylation, cognitive loss, neural inflammation, oxidative stress or mitochondrial dysfunction, among others[68, 325]
Systemic administration of antioxidants does not protect mice against the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Neurosci Lett
This comes directly from the clinical trial design, and four weeks is generally sufficient for most people to adapt to each new dose level before moving up
No evidence of long-term systemic, hormonal, or organ-specific toxicity has been reported in available preclinical data
Ongoing research, including new clinical trials and double-blind studies published in journals like the New England Journal, continues to refine our understanding of optimal dosing, long-term effects, and suitability for various populations