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Abbreviations GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 NEPs: Neutral endopeptidases GLP-1RAs: GLP-1 receptor agonists GLP-1 Rs: GLP-1 receptors T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus DR: Diabetic retinopathy anti-VEGF: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor AMD: Age-related macular degeneration GA: Geographic atrophy CVOTs: Cardiovascular outcome trials BRB: Blood-retinal barrier cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate BBB: Blood-brain barrier AD: Alzheimers disease CVOs: Circumventricular organs RPE: Retinal pigment epithelial GPCRs: G protein-coupled receptors GCL: Ganglion cell layer GK: Goto-Kakizaki E4: Exendin-4 ONL: Outer nuclear layer TXNIP: Thioredoxin-interacting protein INL: Inner nuclear layer NFL: Nerve fiber layer STZ: Streptozotocin GLAST: Glutamate-aspartate transporter nAMD: Neovascular age-related macular degeneration PLGF: Placental growth factor ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 FFAs: Free fatty acids LDs: Lipid droplets EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase ROS: Reactive oxygen species MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential DAM: Disease-associated microglial HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin CNS: Central nervous system RGC: Retinal ganglion cell POAG: Primary open-angle glaucoma IOP: Intraocular pressure RCTs: Randomized controlled trials BMI: Body mass index NAION: Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy DED: Dry Eye Disease DDES: Diabetic dry eye syndrome References Drucker DJ

One unanswered question is whether long-term use could lead to reduced responsiveness over time

Comparative outcomes of systemic diseases in people with type 2 diabetes, or obesity alone treated with and without GLP-1 receptor agonists: a retrospective cohort study from the global collaborative network

GLP-1 receptor agonists slow gastric emptying, meaning food remains in the stomach and digestive tract for longer periods

The Role of a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) A promising solution is integrating ongoing support from a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) alongside GLP-1 prescriptions